How can they know it's Christmas time at all?
In 1995 I was for a day or two acting
Head of St George’s English School in Rome
and it fell to me to take an assembly. I
happened to have noticed an article about the Ebola virus in, I think, a copy
of the Observer, and I had a notion to read that and to comment on how we need
to understand our ‘enemies,’ however hemorrhagic or insidious they may be. After all, a virus will only do what it
does. There is no evil inherent in it,
whatever the vile effects caused on a body…..
At that time the Zaire strain of
the Ebolavirus was active in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and of the 315
people infected 254 (81%) died.
This was not really front page
news. The virus had first been
identified in 1976 when 88% of the 318 people infected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
had died. In the intervening years 205
people had officially died from the disease.
Between 2001 and 2002,
ninety-seven people had died from the Ebola virus in Gabon
and Congo. In the same year 2,678,000 died in developing
countries from HIV/AIDS and 1,103,000 died from malaria. In the developed world in that year 3,512,000
died from Ischaemic heart disease and 669,000 died in road traffic accidents. The World Health Organisation distinguishes
between communicable diseases (like HIV/AIDS, and Ebola) and non-communicable
conditions (like Ischaemic heart disease and car crashes). In the year 2000, 55% of all deaths in
developing countries were from communicable diseases and 77% of all deaths in
the developed regions were from non-communicable conditions.
In 2012 the WHO drew up a list of
17 Neglected Tropical Diseases (not including Ebola). Among these are rabies, which is estimated to
kill about 2000 Kenyans every year, and Chagas Disease, which has infected
about eight million people worldwide (mainly in South
America, but not exclusively).
Both of these diseases can be cured, if treated rapidly, but treatment
is expensive…..
What is new, however, is that Filoviruses (strains of Ebola and
Hemorrhagic viruses) are classified as Category A bioterrorism agents, so now
the 5,000 deaths in the current West African outbreak take on a new
significance (more significant indeed than the 4,000 killed in Ukraine since
April.) The reason that there is now
such an urgency in the race to find and manufacture a vaccine (with patents
held by the US Government and GlaxoSmithKline by the way) is that the US believes
that terrorists might use the virus in a dirty war…..
Aafia Siddiqui, a woman who was
born in Pakistan but who has
a doctorate in neuroscience from Brandeis
University, is currently in a Federal
Detention Centre at the former Carswell AFB in Fort Worth,
Texas, having been sentenced in 2010 to 86
years detention for the attempted murder of two US Nationals serving in Afghanistan. When arrested she was carrying plans for mass
casualty in the United
States, which plans apparently included how
to use the Ebola virus as a weapon. Aafia
Siddiqui was asked for by ISIS in exchange for
beheaded American James Foley; the Taliban wanted her in exchange for Sergeant
Bowe Bergdahl. This is scary stuff, and
the threat may well be real, and it is partly (at least) why screening at US
airports has been brought in.
Ebola is said to be incurable
because there are no proven drugs or vaccines for it and it has a high
mortality rate, over 50%, so the fear factor is great even though Americans
have a 2000-times greater chance of developing malaria and a 500-times greater
risk from dying from tuberculosis than they do Ebola. NBC News reported in
August 2014 that an individual’s chance of getting Ebola in the developed world
are “virtually zero.”
Research into vaccines is an
expensive business, and Andrew Hollingsworth, policy manager of the Association
of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, says: "Unfortunately, the standard
economic model for drug development, in which industry takes all of the risk in
R&D and gets a return on investment from successful products, does not work
for diseases that primarily impact low-income countries and developing
healthcare systems." With the
threat of a bio-terrorist attack, however, there would be good returns on an
Ebola vaccine, so not surprisingly there are conspiracy theories as to why
Ebola has been given such a high profile this year. Such theories even suggest that it is not
coincidental that the outbreak coincided with US Department of Defense funded
Ebola trials on humans. A certain Dr
Cyril Broderick, a former professor of plant pathology at the University of
Liberia’s College of Agriculture, suggested in a letter to The Liberian
Observer this September that the pharmaceutical industry and the US Department
of Defense are conspirators in a plot to intentionally spread Ebola to provoke
public demand to use unproven vaccines and drug as rescue remedies.
So how does this connect with
Carlo Levi? Because of his uncompromising opposition to Fascism, Carlo Levi was
banished at the start of the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) War (1935) to a small
primitive village (Gagliano) in Lucania (now Basilicata),
a remote province of southern Italy.
As Levi himself explains, in his introduction to his memoir Cristo si è fermato a Eboli, written in hiding from the Germans in Florence during the second world war, and published in
1947, Christ stopped at Eboli, where
the road and the railway leave the coast of Salerno and turn into the desolate reaches of
Lucania. Christ never came this far, nor did time, nor the individual soul, nor
hope, nor the relation of cause to effect, nor reason nor history. Christ never
came, just as the Romans never came, content to garrison the highways without
penetrating the mountains and forests, nor the Greeks, who flourished beside
the Gulf of Taranto. None of the pioneers of Western
civilization brought here his sense of the passage of time, his deification of
the State or that ceaseless activity which feeds upon itself. No one has come
to this land except as an enemy, a conqueror, or a visitor devoid of
understanding.
Levi, who had a degree in
medicine, though he had never practised, found himself drawn into treating the
local peasantry when the corrupt and fascist local doctors would not. Treatable illnesses were ignored, hygiene was
primitive, and malnutrition was the natural result of poverty.
This may be a tenuous connection
with Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia,
but I am struck by a piece published yesterday on the BBC website by Eduardo J Gomez of King's
College, London entitled Cuba's health diplomacy in the age of Ebola. In the article, Gomez writes that, Instead
of offering financial assistance to those West African nations most in need,
the Cuban government has focused on providing skilled healthcare workers
passionate about helping Ebola victims. The Cuban response is based on a
combination of pre-existing government commitments to the provision of
universal healthcare, the establishment of a medical education system
emphasizing service to others….. efforts [which] were partly inspired by
Ernesto Che Guevara, the Argentine-born doctor who fought alongside Fidel
Castro during the Cuban revolution.
The ethos of this was summed up by Fidel Castro himself, who proclaimed
it was a battle of solidarity against
selfishness…. And it is here, in
working against poverty, malnutrition and poor hygiene that the similarity with
Gagliano and Levi’s experience is strongest.
Read the book. See the film. Directed by the
great Francesco Rosi in 1979 and starring the enormously sympathetic Gian Maria Volonté (in a role very different from his appearance in A Fistful of Dollars) it is a faithful, if perhaps a little
romanticised, account of the book.
As Levi states "We're not
Christians," they say. "Christ stopped short of here, at Eboli."
"Christian," In their way of speaking means "human being,"
and this almost proverbial phrase that I have so often heard them repeat may be
no more than the expression of a hopeless feeling of inferiority. We're not
Christians, we're not human beings; we're not thought of as men but simply as
beasts, beasts of burden, or even less than beasts, mere creatures of the wild. In a memorable scene, the priest
addresses the villagers at mass on Christmas Eve. He upsets the Podestà (Mayor), Don Luigi, who storms out
with his fascist entourage, and then castigates the villages for not providing
him with his due tithes, distorting the Latin blessing, Pax in terra, hominibus bonae voluntatis (Peace on earth, to men of
good will) changing bonae into male. Don Trajella’s mischievous irony (he knows the congregation
do not understand Latin) is elaborated a little in the book, but in both book and film it comes across as a mixture of bitterness and desperate hope - hope that peace may indeed come even to those who have evil wills.
The world that Levi records has changed; the breeding ground for
infection of the godforsaken wastes of remote regions in Europe, neglected by
the rich and powerful, have been civilised,
and clean water, sufficient food, sanitation and health care are more readily
available. But to adapt Levi’s title to
the modern day, there are still plenty of stopping places such as Eboli in the
world, and areas beyond, such as Sierra Leone, where infection
control is not understood, water is not clean, and food is not plentiful.
There are few real parallels between Cristo si è fermato a Eboli and the Ebola virus, but the
link that sprung to my mind led me to watch the film again, and to think about
big Pharma, and the way the masters manipulate and profit from the masses, and
it brings me back to my thoughts in 1995 in front of school children. Ebola is not an enemy. Ebola is something we should understand. Health is not something that happens by
accident. You cannot just put a Band Aid on it. And while a vaccine may help the infected, it will not eradicate the
problem.
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